BOLI SI TRATAMENTE PENTRU PASARILE DE PRADA

[RED_TAIL]

Tricomonoza (intalnita si sub denumirea de trichomonoza sau “malai“) este cea mai raspandita boala a porumbeilor. Datorita faptului ca porumbeii sunt o prada obisnuita in randul multor specii de rapitoare precum si un focar major de infectie datorita raspandirii lor foarte largi pe areale extinse, consider necesar sa detaliem putin aspecte privind boala si tratamentul ei la pasarile rapitoare.

Simptome de tricomonoza:

* inghitit repetat; se poate observa mai ales dupa ce pasarile aterizeaza de la zbor
* depuneri galbene in cioc si gat, de unde si denumirea populara de “malai”
* penaj zburlit
* apatie
* scaderea greutatii, lipsa de vioiciune
* ezitarea de a zbura

Majoritatea porumbeilor au tricomonoza in timpul vietii, dar rareori simptomele ei se pot vedea la pasarile mature, fapt ce creste riscul de infectare atunci cand oferim porumbei lansati ce par a fi "siguri" in urma examenului macroscopic. Stresul provoaca o crestere a numarului tricomonadelor si boala incepe sa afecteze pasarile. Astfel, pasarea arata zgribulita, inceteaza sa se mai hraneasca si slabeste, iar daca nu este tratata la timp, moare. Puii sunt cei mai afectati. Timpul insuficient de adaptare imunitara la mediu favorizeaza contactarea germenilor si declansarea bolii. Alti factori agravanti sunt alimentatia inadecvata, modificari ale mediului ce cauzeaza stres precum si scaderile neadecvate in greutate, lipsa suplimentatiei cu microelemente sau igiena defectuoasa.

In cazul puilor crescuti natural, pasarile mature introduc puilor cantitati mici de tricomonade in timpul hranirii, si astfel acestora le creste imunitatea treptat.

La un imprint acest lucru poate fi foarte diferit in functie de originea alimentelor cu care este hranit, dar si factorilor agravanti enumerati anterior la etiologia bolii.

Tricomonadele sunt niste flagelate, si se deplaseaza in fluide. Asadar, contactul cu aparatul digestiv al prazilor, cu partile incarcate cu fluide cresc major riscul de infectare, precum si imbaierea in locuri frecventate de porumbei ori alte pasari domestice.

Boala are mai multe forme:

* forma faringeala - este cea mai intalnita - se observa depuneri galbene in gatul pasarii. In cazurile severe, aceste depuneri pot ingreuna hranirea sau chiar respiratia
* forma ombilicala - se transmite de la cuibul infectat in corp la puii inca mici, la nivelul abdomenului
* forma pe organe - in cazurile cele mai severe, tricomonoza afecteaza organele interne. Este deseori gasita in ficat. Majoritatea pasarilor vor muri din cauza disfunctionalitatilor ficatului

TRATAMENT

Ronidazolul este o substanta des folosita in tratamentul tricomonozei. Dimetridazolul si metronidazolul au fost retrase de pe piata datorita riscurilor de efecte secundare.

Medicamente eficace, intalnite pe piata din Romania: Tricoplus, ENTEROGUARD M cps.

Este bine sa nu se abuzeze de aceste medicamente (sa nu se foloseasca la intamplare, sau fara motive intemeiate) deoarece tricomonadele pot deveni imune. Tratamentul se face conform indicatiilor de pe prospecte.

Recomandari pentru administrare:

* nu se administreaza mai putin decat este recomandat deoarece tricomonadele mai puternice pot supravietui si pot forma o familie care cu greu se mai elimina
* administrarea se face introducand produsul medicamentos in interiorul unei bucatele de carne prin crearea in prealabil a unui mic "buzunar" cu ajutorul unui obiect ascutit.
*dozajul se face conform prospectului

[Peregrinus]

Buna Alex ,

multumim pt. articol ! - este de importanta majora pt. viitorii soimari cunoasterea si a bolilor pasarilor de prada , pentru a putea interveni prompt si corect in caz de nevoie !

Andrei .

[tomi]

Paul, tu esti naiv, cred ca nu ai implinit 18 ani.
Mai citeste putin legile care se refera la detinerea pasarilor salbatice in Rom.
Poate ai sa intelegi ceva incet,incet.

[Peregrinus]

Buna Paul ,

vezi ca ai un MP !

Andrei .

[DR.Nicolau]

Da bun artcol, da vreau sa precizez ca e putin probabil ca o boala sa se transmita de la porumbei sau de la alte pasari de curte la rapitoarele salbatice mai degraba invers deoarece majoritatea pasarilor salbatice sunt purtatoare asimptomatice de boli adica nu manifesta boala dar o transmit si in plus pasarile salbatice sunt mult mai rezistente decat cele de curte au imunitate naturala! bine prin asta nu inseamna ca, pasarile rapitoare trebuie omorate pentru ca sunt purtatoare de boli, ci pasarile de curte trebuiesc vaccinate la timp deparazitate si in felul asta nu vor exista probleme

[Peregrinus]

Buna DR.Nicolau ,

da , din pacate exista si boli care se transmit si invers , de la pasari domestice la pasari de prada , cum ar fi de exemplu boli primite prin intermediul hranei , gen porumbei , care este foarte brobabil sa nu atace pasarile de prada salbatice mai rezistente la boli , cu imunitate naturala , dar ataca in mod sigur , in unele cazuri chiar mortal , pasari de prada folosite in soimarit mai putin rezistente decit primele la aceste boli ,mai ales daca ca hrana sint folositi porumbei comunitari care bineinteles nu sint vaccinati .

Andrei .

[DR.Nicolau]

Da adevarat sunt periculoase la pasarile imprint sau la cele inmultite in captivitate sau hibrizii

[Peregrinus]

Din pacate , acesta este adevarul .

Andrei .

[Viktor]

Sour Crop
Etiology
“Sour crop” is a well-known problem in falcons since centuries. It describes the
condition that food remains in the crop after feeding, but is not passed to the proventriculus.
This can be caused by reduced esophageal or proventricular motility. Moreover, in many cases, a subsequent septicemia due to development of massive bacterial infestation of the
food especially with E.coli may occur. This leads to toxemia followed by death of the falcon.

This pathological condition can be frequently observed in emaciated, dehydrated and starved
falcons that are too weak to digest food properly. Often owner feed them large quantities of
food either by hand or force-feeding. It may also arise if the falcon has been left without food
to keep it hungrier during the hunting trip and then starts to eat large amounts of fresh prey.

Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis
The most prominent clinical sign is the crop full with food. A typical very distinctive
smell of foul meat is exhaled. Other symptoms are far more unspecific. The falcon often
looks tired and is thin and weak. Some falcons are too weak to stand on the perch.
Dehydration can reach maximal levels of not dissolving skin folds in the skin fold test. The
color of the feet, cere and mouth mucosa often becomes cyanotic.
Therapy
The main priority is to remove the food to empty the crop completely as failing to do so
will inevitably lead to the death of the falcon. The therapeutic approach includes three main
possibilities. One is the injection of emetic agents. The most effective one is levamisole that
induces vomiting in falcons within 1-5 minutes and the complete crop content is vomited
immediately. This can be performed in falcons that are still able to stand and that are not too
weak.
Flushing of the crop is another possibility. This is done with 40-60ml warm water in a
feeding syringe to which a plastic tube is attached. This tube is gently inserted in the
stomach. Then the falcon is lifted up head downwards and the water is pushed through the
tube. In the last third of the flushing, the tube gets gently removed. When removing the tube,
the water is flushed out together with the food pieces (Figure 17.1). This might have to be
repeated 2-3 times. Moreover, when flushing, care has to be taken that the food pieces that
are flushed out do not block the trachea. This can be prevented by removing food pieces that
are stuck around the tracheal entrance with a forceps.
Manual removal of the retained food is the third possibility of treatment. Hereby the
falcon gets mildly anesthetized with the head in the anesthesia mask placed on a higher level
to prevent vomiting while inducing the anesthesia. The falcon is held by one person and
another one gently starts to massage the food from the crop to the oropharynx. This works
only if no bone is stuck as otherwise massage can lead to puncturing of the crop mucosa. The
pieces that are massaged up are then removed with a forceps. Sometimes liquid and partly
digested material comes up which can be removed by swabs or small gauze pieces. In all
cases of massaging the sour crop, great care has to be taken that no food pieces or liquid
content block or enter the trachea as this may lead to suffocation of the falcon. This can be
prevented by removing those food pieces with a forceps from the trachea.
For all three approaches, one thing remains the same: the complete food has to be
removed and the crop must be fully emptied.
Rehydration therapy has to be started as described in chapter 16. Antibiotic coverage
with e.g. piperacillin intravenously as a bolus followed by intramuscular injections has highly
positive impact on the overall condition of the falcon according to the author’s experience.
Kidneys should be supported by administering Berberis® and Cantharis® subcutaneously.
Moreover, it is highly advisable to rest the falcon after food removal as this poses a high
stress situation for the bird. After recovering a little bit, blood samples should be taken. A
crop sample for microbiological culture is essential but can often be taken on the next day
only as the immediate sample taking may lead to wrong results due to the massive
manipulation of the crop. In any case, it is mandatory to find out the underlying cause for the
crop stasis and to treat accordingly. It is also advisable to reduce pressure on the crop by tube
feeding the bird in the proventriculus (not in the crop!) for 1-3 days depending on its
condition.
Margit Gabriele Muller

[Peregrinus]

Buna Victor ,

multumim , dar cred ca aceste informatii ar fi mult mai de ajutor cititorilor daca ar fi gata traduse in limba romana, deoarece nu toata lumea care ar avea nevoie de acestea stapineste bine limba engleza .

Andrei .